+DNA that helps a coldwater fish survive in a low temperature can be inserted into a strawberry to make it frost-resistant.

DNA technology has been developed to manipulate genes effectively.  It has triggered research advances in almost all fields of biology. The genes can be taken from an animal, plant or microorganism and inserted into other organisms to enhance its function.

Different Kinds of Techniques.

Bacterial carriers
The bacteria are prepared in a special solution to make its cell wall more absorbent.  Using a specific restriction enzyme splices the Plasmid, and similarly the required DNA sequence is spliced with the same restriction enzyme so that both can produce the complementary sticky ends.  The selected gene is inserted into a plasmid and dropped into the solution. The solution is heated, which allows the plasmid to enter the bacterium. These newly entered nucleotides have an immunity against a certain antibiotic. To decide whether the plasmids are successfully entered into the bacteria, put them in a medium containing the antibiotic. If the bacteria reproduces itself, that means they have the modified plasmid.

Biolistics
The selected DNA is attached to microscopic particles of gold or the metal tungsten. Like firing a gun, these DNA-laden particles are shot into the target cells using a burst of gas under pressure. As cells repair their injuries they integrate their DNA into genome.

Electroporation
The prepared cells are immersed in a special solution with the selected DNA. A short but intense electric shock is then passed through the solution. The result is small tears in the cell walls, which allow the new genetic material access to the nuclei. Then, the cells are placed into another solution and encouraged to repair their breached walls, locking the 'donor' DNA inside.


Lipofection
Small bubbles of fat called liposomes are used as the carriers of selected DNA. The target cells and the liposomes are placed into a special solution. The liposomes merge into the cells, and the DNA is delivered.

Microinjection
Microinjection is the way of inserting foreign DNA directly into the cell in the very beginning. The selected DNA is injected into an egg cell with a gentle suction and manipulation by a using a very fine glass capillary tube. The genetically modified egg is then transplanted into a prepared uterus and allowed to grow.  This technique is most effective in plant protoplasts and tissues. It makes sure that almost every cell in the developing organism's body contains the new DNA.